In recent years, Saudi Arabia has had a comprehensive plan to reduce the share of oil in the economy, and it is seeking to increase the share of both renewable energy and natural gas in electricity production for export. It is also investing in high value-added products to reduce dependence …

إaghdad reported its highest oil production on record last August at 4.6 million barrels per day (bpd) from the country’s southern fields and exported a large portion of it. The first Iraqi-Turkish oil pipeline, built in 1976, has been ineffective in recent years in northern Iraq. Now the governments of …

By exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) to some European countries, Washington seeks to reduce their dependence on Russian gas The shale gas revolution and the U.S. becoming an exporter of energy have changed the geopolitics of energy. The U.S.’ entry into energy exports has intensified competition among traditional energy exporters. …

Currently, Mediterranean coastal countries are increasingly seeking to extract gas from the Mediterranean seabed. As the first step, these countries have undertaken numerous excavations for domestic consumption to sell the gas in a regional consumption market such as the European Union if domestic infrastructure is provided in the coming years. …

In recent years, thanks to the development of Turkey’s transit fleet and the emergence of a vibrant and active private sector in this sector, Turkey has been able to take a fair share of the road transport market with the countries of the region by creating competitive advantages. Turkey and …

China is self-sufficient in many respects in the old oil industry, but it still needs foreign equipment and imported advanced technologies to extract and explore oil resources. These are China’s weaknesses that need to be addressed. China’s oil industry will not be immune to US-China trade clashes and production and services may …

Negotiations for the Caspian Sea legal regime began almost immediately after the collapse of the former Soviet Union, but at the beginning of the process there were no negotiations on a single text. Prior to that, Iran and the Soviet Union used this sea commonly, though in practice the Soviet …

The increasing use of energy in the contemporary international system has made the countries located along the transmission route more important. The effort to transform the way in which more and more energy, especially oil and natural gas is increasingly transmitted to economic interests, adds to the political and security …

Shale gas has had a major impact on energy prices around the world. Due to Shale gas revolution, US advanced technology and innovation, America’s dependence on foreign energy sources especially the Middle East is decreasing. According to US Energy Information Agency last year US produced on average more than 5 million …

The Chinese economy has recently boosted its foreign exchange earnings and substantially increased its currency reserves. The increase in China’s foreign exchange reserves and resources has provided the government with the opportunity to become one of the major actors in the supply of international relations and the global economy. China …